Descrittore
Termine preferito
Paesi Bassi 1940 (10 maggio) - 1945 (7 maggio) CercaDefinizione
Definition:
German troops invade the Netherlands the night of May 9-10, 1940 and the Dutch army surrenders May 14. The Nazis establish a civil administration in the Netherlands with Arthur Seyss-Inquart as Reichskommisar and five commissioner-generals. The Germans allow the existence of a Dutch administration led by the government-in-exile in England, but give it no power.
The Nazis gradually implement anti-Jewish policies beginning September 1940 with a ban of Jewish newspapers and appointments to the Dutch administration. November 4, 1940, Jewish civil servants are "suspended" from work. To further "Aryanize" the Netherlands, the Nazis require registration of all businesses owned or run by Jews. In January 1941, Jews must register with the Nazi authorities. To counteract Nazi anti-Jewish measures, Dutch Jews establish the Joodse Coördinatiecommissie (Jewish Coordinating Committee) in December 1940.
As the Nazis implement the "Final Solution," Jews are separated from the general population through curfews, bans on public places, and restricted use of public transportation. The Germans seal off the Jewish Quarter February 11, 1941 and demand the creation of a Jewish council. The Joodse Raad holds its first meeting February 13. February 22, the Nazis launch an attack on the Jewish Quarter. The Jews arrested in this raid, as well as in a September one, are sent to Mauthausen. Through a series of decrees, the Nazis effectively confiscate Jewish money and valuables. They also remove Jews from business and land ownership. The Nazis' harsh treatment of Dutch Jews incites a series of strikes in February 1941. This only provokes the Nazis to intensify their anti-Jewish policies and establish a Central Office for Jewish Emigration. The Germans introduce yellow badges for Jews May 3, 1942.
The Nazis begin sending Dutch Jews to forced-labor camps in late 1941. Beginning January 14, 1942, Jews from around the Netherlands are evacuated to camps in Amsterdam, Westerbork, or Vught. From there they are deported to German camps beginning in June. The rate of deportation increases in May 1943 and all remaining Jews are deported September 29, 1943. Less than five percent of Dutch Jews sent to concentration camps survive.
German troops in the Netherlands surrender May 5, 1945. Germany's unconditional surrender (May 8, 1945) liberates the Netherlands. (en-US)
Fonte
Warmbrunn, Werner. The Dutch under German Occupation, 1940-1945. Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press, 1972. p. 11-17