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Cecoslovacchia 1939 (15 marzo) - 1944 (18 marzo)   Cerca

Definizione

Defintion: The Carpatho Ukraine, formerly Podkarpatska Rus' or Subcarpathian Rus,' part of Hungary before World War I, becomes part of Czechoslovakia for the period between the two world wars. When, in March 1939 the area reverts back to Hungary, Carptho-Ukraine has a multinational population of Ruthenians, Hungarians, and Jews. Upon Hungarian annexation, Jews face anti-Jewish persecution through administrative measures and death. Carpatho-Ukrainian Jews, who develop an independent Jewish life and consciousness during the Czechoslovak period, renew ties with the Jewish leadership in Budapest. The Carpatho-Ukraine Jews hold on to their way of life until the German occupation of Hungary (March 1944). Until this time, they give refuge and aid to Jews fleeing from Slovakia and Poland, run their own businesses, and play an active role in the local economy. Even so, "Jewish foreign nationals," numbering approximately 18,000, are expelled from the region (July and August 1941). The SS murder these deportees after they reach German-occupied East Galicia. News of these massacres end deportations from the Carpatho-Ukraine area. Other Jews from the region lose their lives in service for the Hungarian army's labor service system. A reign of terror begins in the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia with the beginning of World War II. Jews face ordinances restricting movement, dismissals from employment, denial of rations, expulsion from schools, restrictions on telephone use and public transportation, as well as arrests. In addition, Germans send many Jews to concentration camps and "retraining centers." On April 30, 1940, decrees force Jews to sell all gold, platinum, silver, precious stones, and pearls to a special public purchasing agency as well as to deposit all stocks bonds and securities in a foreign currency bank. Before emigration from Czechoslovakia is banned in October 1941, over 25,000 Jews manage to leave either legally or illegally. Nazis use the Jewish Religious Congregation of Prague (JRC) to liquidate Jewish assets, consign Jews to forced labor, and assist deportees. In September 1941, the Nazis order the JRC to take a census of the Jewish population. The 88,105 Jews are forced to wear yellow Jewish badges and live isolated from the rest of the population. Reinhard Heydrich replaces Konstantin von Neurath as Reich protector (September 1941) and initiates a plan to concentrate the Jews in Theresienstadt, wait for their numbers to dwindle, and then transport them to the east. Subsequently, transports bring Jews from around the protectorate to be killed in Belzec, Chelmno, Treblinka, and Majdanek. Of the more than 73,000 Jews transported to Theresienstadt between November 1941 and March 1945, over 60,000 are deported to Auschwitz and other extermination camps and only a little more than 3,000 survive. Heydrich's assassination in May 1942 leads to complete Nazi control in the protectorate and retaliatory measures for his murder. In February 1943, the JRC reorganizes as the Altestenrat der Juden in Prag. Members of the Jewish Council and their families, along with Jewish partners in mixed marriages are the only remaining Jews in the protectorate by the summer of 1943. (en-US)

Fonte

Braham, Randolph L., The Destruction of the Jews of Carpatho-Ruthenia. Hungarian-Jewish Studies edited by Randolph Braham. pp. 223-235. New York: World Federation of Hungarian Jews and Harry Gantt Publishers, 1966. Vol. 1, pp. 223-235

Termini più generici

• Cecoslovacchia 1939 (15 marzo) - 1945 (9 maggio)